Arab Shi'a dynasties

[Ashrf 1979]

In Egypt& North Africa
1-Fatimid Empire - Alaouite Empire (الدولة الفاطمية او الدولة العلوية)(Ismaili Shi'a Islam)
The Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fātimiyyūn (Arabic الفاطميون) was an Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, Sicily and the Levant from 5 January 909 to 1171. It was the fourth and final Arab caliphate. The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term Fatimite is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were also Shia Ismaili Imams, hence, they had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of Caliph, as recognized by most Muslims, the only period in which the Shia Imamate and the Caliphate were united to any degree, excepting the Caliphate of Ali himself.
With exceptions, the Fatimids were reputed to exercise a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shi'a sects of Islam as well as towards Jews, Maltese Christians and Coptic Christians.

Rise of the Fatimids
The Fatimids had their origins in Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria). The dynasty was founded in 909 by Abdu l-Lāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh (a descendant of Imam Al-Husayn ), the first Shi'a Imām, hence the name al-Fātimiyyūn "Fatimid".
Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly-built capital in Tunisia.
Jawhar as-Siqilli immediately began the building of a new city, Cairo, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a mosque for the army were immediately constructed, which for many Qarmtians remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the Qarmtians of Damascus under Hasan al-Asam advanced through Palestine to Egypt, and in the autumn of 971 Jauhar found himself besieged in his new city. By a timely sortie, preceded by the administration of bribes to various officers in the Qarmtians host, Jauhar succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat on the besiegers, who were compelled to evacuate Egypt and part of Syria.

Meanwhile the caliph al-Muizz had been summoned to enter the palace that had been prepared for him, and after leaving a viceroy to take charge of his western possessions he arrived in Alexandria on May 31, 973, and proceeded to instruct his new subjects in the particular form of religion (Shiism) which his family represented. As this was in origin identical with that professed by the Carmathians, he hoped to gain the submission of their leader by argument; but this plan was unsuccessful, and there was a fresh invasion from that quarter in the year after his arrival, and the caliph found himself besieged in his capital. The Carmathians were gradually forced to retreat from Egypt and then from Syria by some successful engagements, and by the judicious use of bribes, whereby dissension was sown among their leaders. Al-Muizz also found time to take some active measures against the Byzantines, with whom his generals fought in Syria with varying fortune. Before his death he was acknowledged as Caliph in Mecca and Medina, as well as Syria, Egypt and North Africa as far as Tangier.

Under the caliph al-Aziz, there was a large amount of toleration conceded to the other sects of Islam, and to other communities, but the belief that the Christians of Egypt were in league with the Byzantine emperor, and even burned a fleet which was being built for the Byzantine war, led to some persecution. Al-Aziz attempted without success to enter into friendly relations with the Buwayhid ruler of Baghdad, and tried to gain possession of Aleppo, as the key to Iraq, but this was prevented by the intervention of the Byzantines. His North African possessions were maintained and extended, but the recognition of the Fatimid caliph in this region was little more than nominal.

His successor al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah came to the throne at the age of eleven, being the son of Aziz by a Christian mother. Hs conduct of affairs was vigorous and successful, and he concluded a peace with the Byzantine emperor. He is perhaps best remembered by his destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (1009), a measure which helped to provoke the Crusades, but was only part of a general scheme for converting all Christians and Jews in his dominions to his own opinions by force. A more reputable expedient with the same end in view was the construction of a great library in Cairo, with ample provision for students; this was modelled on a similar institution at Baghdad. His system of persecution was not abandoned till in the last year of his reign (1020) . For unknown reasons al-Hakim disappeared in 1021.

In 1049 the Zirid dynasty in the Maghrib returned to the Sunni faith and became subjects of the Caliphate in Baghdad, but at the same time Yemen recognized the Fatimid caliphate. Meanwhile Baghdad was taken by the Turks, falling to the Seljuk Tughrul Beg in 1059. The Turks also plundered Cairo in 1068, but they were driven out by 1074. During this time, however, Syria was overrun by an invader in league with the Seljuk Malik Shah, and Damascus was permanently lost to the Fatimids. This period is otherwise memorable for the rise of the Hashshashin, or Assassins.

During the Crusades, al-Musta'li maintained himself in Alexandria,did not help the Turks against the Crusaders in Antiochs, thereby facilitating its conquest by the Crusaders in 1099. He endeavoured to retrieve his error by himself advancing into Palestine, but he was defeated at the battle of Ascalon, and compelled to retire to Egypt. Many of the Palestinian possessions of the Fatimids then successively fell into the hands of the Crusaders.

In 1118 Egypt was invaded by Baldwin I of Jerusalem, who burned the gates and the mosques of Farama, and advanced to Tinnis, when illness compelled him to retreat. In August 1121 al-Afdal Shahanshah was assassinated in a street of Cairo, it is said, with the connivance of the Caliph, who immediately began the plunder of his house, where fabulous treasures were said to be amassed. The vizier's offices were given to al-Mamn. His external policy was not more fortunate than that of his predecessor, as he lost Tyre to the Crusaders, and a fleet equipped by him was defeated by the Venetians.

In 1153 Ascalon was lost, the last place in Syria which the Fatimids held; its loss was attributed to dissensions between the parties of which the garrison consisted. In April 1154 the Caliph al-Zafir was murdered by his vizier Abbas, to murder his father; and this was followed by a massacre of the brothers of Zafir, followed by the raising of his infant son Abul-Qasim Isa to the throne.

In December of 1162, the vizier Shawar took control of Cairo. However, after only nine months he was compelled to flee to Damascus, where he was favorably received by the prince Nureddin, who sent with him to Cairo a force of Kurds under Asad al-din Shirkuh. At the same time Egypt was invaded by the Franks, who raided and did much damage on the coast. Shawar recaptured Cairo but a dispute then arose with his Syrian allies for the possession of Egypt. Shawar, being unable to cope with the Syrians, demanded help of the Frankish king of Jerusalem Amalric I, who hastened to his aid with a large force, which united with Shawar's and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis for three months; at the end of this time, owing to the successes of Nureddin in Syria, the Franks granted Shirkuh a free passage with his troops back to Syria, on condition of Egypt being evacuated (October 1164).

Two years later Shirkuh, a Kurdish general known as "the Lion", persuaded Nureddin to put him at the head of another expedition to Egypt, which left Syria in January 1167; a Frankish army hastened to Shawar's aid. At the battle of Babain (April 11, 1167) the allies were defeated by the forces commanded by Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin, who was made prefect of Alexandria, which surrendered to Shirkuh without a struggle. In 1168 Amalric invaded again, but Shirkuh's return caused the Crusaders to withdraw. Shirkuh was appointed vizier but died of indigestion (March 23, 1169), and the Caliph appointed Saladin as successor to Shirkuh; the new vizier professed to hold office as a deputy of Nureddin, whose name was mentioned in public worship after that of the Caliph. Nureddin loyally aided his deputy in dealing with Crusader invasions of Egypt, and he ordered Saladin to substitute the name of the Abbasid caliph for the Fatimid in public worship. The last Fatimid caliph died soon after in September, 1171.
The Fatimid palace was two parts. it used to be in the Kan El-Khalily area at Bin El-Quasryn street

Fatimid caliphs
al-Mahdī (Abū Muhammad Abdu l-Lāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh)(909-934) The First Shi'a Muslim Emperor.
al-Qa'im (Abū l-Qāsim Muhammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh) (934-946)
al-Mansur (Abū Tāhir Ismā'il al-Mansūr bi-llāh) (946-953)
al-Mu'izz (Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Dīn Allāh) (953-975) Egypt is conquered during his reign
al-Aziz (Abū Mansūr Nizār al-'Azīz bi-llāh) (975-996)
al-Hakim (Abū 'Alī al-Mansūr al-hākim bi-Amr Allāh) (996-1021)Disappeared in mysterious circumstances
al-Zahir (Abū'l-Hasan 'Alī al-Zāhir li-I'zāz Dīn Allāh) (1021-1036)
al-Mustansir (Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustansir bi-llāh ) (1036-1094)
al-Musta'li (al-Musta'lī bi-llāh) (1094-1101) Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split.
al-Amir (al-Āmir bi-Ahkām Allāh) (1101-1130) The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali Taiyabi Ismailis.
al-Hafiz ('Abd al-Majīd al-hāfiz) (1130-1149)
al-Zafir (1149-1154)
al-Fa'iz (1154-1160)
al-Adid (1160-1171)

Banu Kanz

The Banu Kanz (Arabic "Sons of Kanz") were a group of Rabi'ah Arabs who emigrated to Egypt, eventually dislocating the Beja and penetrating into the desert east of the Nile around Aswan. During the period, the gold mines of the region briefly made a resurgence.

In 1004 the Caliph al-Hakim bestowed the title of Kanz ad-Dawla upon the leader of the tribe for their capturing of the fugitive Abu Rakwa(Umayyad emir). In 1066, the Kanz ad-Dawla Nasir invaded Nobadia but was repulsed and had his lands raided instead. Still, the family became an important power in the region, gaining control of the Aswan region and achieving nominal independence before being defeated by the Ayyubids under Shams ad-Dawla Turanshah, Saladin's brother, in AD 1173.

Contrary to simplified accounts, the Banu Kanz never conquered Makuria, the largest medieval Christian state in Nubia, but were gradually married into the royal family. Because Makurian inheritance, like its Kushite model, passed matrilineally to the son of the king's sister, members of the Banu Kanz eventually inherited the throne of the kingdom in AD 1412.

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Fatimid Empire

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The Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt

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Fatimid Art

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imam Husayn Mosque in cairo (built by fatimid dynasty)

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Egyptian song About the ahlulbayt

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Battle of Ashkelon ( Fatimid VS crusader)

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Battle for Jerusalem ( Fatimid VS crusader)


2-Idrisid dynasty(الادارسة)(Zaidi Shi'a Islam)
The Idrisids (Arabic, الأدارسة ) were the first Sayyid Shi'a dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 to 985 and the first Shi'a dynasty in Islamic history. It represents one of the earliest examples of the assertion of political autonomy in a region at a distance from the Islamic center. The territories controlled by the Idrisids included the modern exclaves of Spain, Ceuta and Melilla. The dynasty is named after its first sultan, Idris I. The tradition of Sharifian rule that they established continued in the Maghreb, where the Kings of Morocco are still Sayyids, that is, descendants of Muhammad. Descent from Muhammad or from one of his relatives has often helped legitimize a Muslim’s claim to the throne of the state they govern. Situated between the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt and the Sunni Umayyads in Cordoba, they were vulnerable to both. They tried to walk a diplomatic tight-rope at times appeasing one, then the other. They eventually fell to the Caliph of Cordoba, although for some time their survival had depended on Cordoba’s support. They were also responsible for the Arabization of Northern Morocco and established University of Al-Karaouine at their capital of Fez, which remains an important center of Muslim learning and is perhaps the oldest continually functioning higher education institution in the world.

History

Origins
The founder of the dynasty was Idris ibn Abdallah (788-791), who traced his ancestry back to Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. As a Sayyid Shi'a he was persecuted by the Abbasids and fled to the Maghreb in 786, settling initially in modern-day Tangier. In 788, he was invited by the chief of a tribal confederacy known as the Awraba to help Islamize the government. Moving to Walila, he was recognized as Imam, the preferred Shi'a title for the leader of the community. Known as Idris I, his rule represented the first autonomous Islamic state in Morocco. His claim to the title Imam angered the Abbasids, who sent an agent to assassinate him

Consolidation
His son Idris II (791-828), then a small child, was proclaimed Imam in succession. From 809, Idris I made Fez, already colonized by his father, as his royal residence and capital. This became an important center of Islamic learning and culture not only in the region but also beyond. Its academy or university dates from 859, and attracted scholars from throughout the Muslim world and even from beyond, including some Christians and Jews. Its founder was a woman, Fatima Alfehri. Some of the most eminent Muslim intellectuals visited, taught or studied there. Most historical data on the Idrisid rulers is derived from the work of Ibn Khaldun. Still functioning, some consider this University to be the world's oldest institute of higher education. Fez is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The famous Kairouyine mosque was added by Yahya ibn Muhammad, the fifth Idrisid ruler. Through the settlement of refugees from Kairouan and Andalusia the city quickly became the focus for the Islamification and Arabisation of North Africa. At about the same time, an alternate summer capital Basra was constructed and named after the famous Shi’a city in southern Iraq. Idrisi II was Shi'a like his father but actually established a Sunni state, although it was descent from the Prophet that was used to legitimate the Idrisid dynasty.
The Idrisids firmly established the principle of Sharifian dynastic rule in Morocco that has continued to the present, regardless of whether the ruler is Shi’a or, as they are currently, Sunni. The royal family of Jordan are also Sharifian, hence the offical name of the country as the 'Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Idrisids most significant achievement lies in their “firmly implanting Islam in that corner of Africa and establishing a flourishing trade” with the Sub-Saharan region.
The Idrisid realm was also extended through campaigns into the high Atlas Mountains and against Tlemcen, with the result that the Idrisid state became the most significant power in Morocco, ahead of the principalities of the Bargawata, the Salihids, the Miknasa and the Maghrawa of Sijilmasa.

Decline
Under Muhammad (828-836) the kingdom was divided amongst eight brothers, which produced several Idrisid statelets in northern Morocco. This led to intensified power struggles and eventually to the weakening and decline of the dynasty. Even when the realm was reunified under Yahya IV (904-917), it still lost significance through internal strife and attacks from the Fatimid dynasty, aided by their local Miknasa allies. From 909 until 1171, the Shi'a Fatimids claimed to be the legitimate rulers of the entire Muslim world, which brought them into conflict with the Abbasids, the Caliphs of Corboba, who also opposed the Abbasadis and rejected their right to use the title of caliph as well as with less powerful rulers such as the Idrisids of Morocco. Some clans also switched their allegiance from the Idrisids to the Caliphs of Corboba, further weakening their position.

Collapse
After defeats by the Fatimids in 917-920 the Idrisids were driven from Fez and control given to the Miknasa. Hassan I al-Hajam managed to wrest control of Fez for a couple of years but he was the last of the dynasty to hold power there.
Only with the support of the Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba could the dynasty subsequently hold out against the Fatimids and their allies. After 926 the Idrisids abandoned Fez for good and withdrew to the valleys of the Rif mountains, where they had a stronghold in the fortress of Hajar an-Nasar. They were also protected to some extent by the reluctance of tribal elders to wipe out entirely the local descendents of the Prophet Muhammad's family.
The last Idrisid made the mistake of switching allegiances back to the Fatimids, and was deposed and executed in 985 by the Caliphate of Cordoba. The dynasty was succeeded in Morocco by the principality of the Maghrawa.

Rulers
* Idriss I - (788-791)
* Idris II - (791-828)
* Muhammad ibn Idris - (828-836)
* Ali ibn Idris, known as "Ali I" - (836-848)
* Yahya ibn Muhammad, known as "Yahya I" - (848-864)
* Yahya ibn Yahya, known as "Yahya II" - (864-874)
* Ali ibn Umar, known as "Ali II" - (874-883)
* Yahya ibn Al-Qassim, known as "Yahya III" - (883-904)
* Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar, known as "Yahya IV" - (904-917)
* Fatimid overlordship - (922-925)
* Al-Hajjam al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qassim - (925-927)
* Fatimid overlordship - (927-937)
* Al Qasim Guennoun - (937-948)
* Abu l-Aish Ahmad - (948-954)
* Al-Hasan ibn Guennoun, known as "Hassan II" - (954-974) (not to be confused with Hassan II, born in 1929)
* Ali, Caliph of Cordoba in 1016


Legacy
The establishment of a strong central government that takes priority over tribal leadership, based on the Sharifian claim to legitimacy, continues in the form of the Moroccan monarchy. The cultural and religious vitality of Islam in this corner of Africa is also an enduring aspect of the Idrisid legacy. Fez's role as an important center of learning also continued through until modern times.

In ******* Peninsula

1- Rassids -Qasimid-Zaidi Imāms(893-1962) (بنو القاسم الرسي او الائمة الزيدية) from Yemen(Zaidi Shi'a Islam)
The Rassids were the first Zaidi Imams of Yemen, with their capital at Sa'da, in the highlands. They ruled the tribal groups intermittently from the end of the 9th century. The Zaydiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam required a visible, politically active Imam, who must be descended from the Prophet Muhammad and fulfill a number of personal criterions.

Foundation of the Rasside Imamate
In 893 al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi (a descendant of Imam al-Hasan), was invited from Medina to the Northern Highlands of Yemen as an arbiter between the local tribes. Later with the help of the Hamdan tribes of Hashid and Bakil, al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi founded the Zaidi Imamate of Yemen at Sa'da, in 893-7 C.E. He made Zaidi Islam the state religion. He passed away in 911, and the state he had created crumbled after the death of his able son an-Nasir Ahmad in 934. After the 10th century, succession to the imamate tended not to be hereditary, but circulated among various Sayyid branches. Most, though not all, Imams were descended from al-Hadi Yahya or his grandfather al-Qasim ar-Rassi (d. 860). The term Rassids usually refers to the Imams of the medieval period, up to the 16th century, the later ones being known as Qasimids (Al al-Qasimi).

Medieval Imams
In the centuries after an-Nasir Ahmad, Zaidi Imams continued to hold power in the highlands intermittently, without being able to create an enduring state. Sunni dynasties centered in lowland Yemen tended to hold the political initiative in the region. Several Rassid Imams were killed at the hands of their political opponents. For long periods, as in 1066-1138, there was no Imam. In other periods, especially in the years 1436-1522, there were several competing claimants to the title. During the 16th century, the Sharaf ad-Din branch of the Rassids (1507-1572) kept up a partly successful resistance against the encroaching Ottoman Turks. In 1569-1570, however, they were decisively defeated at the hands of the Ottoman commander Sinan Pasha, and a last claimant of the imamate was captured in 1585.

The heirs of the Rassids
A new branch of the Rassids rose in revolt against the Turks in 1597, and managed to expel them from Yemen by 1635. From the first of the line, al-Mansur al-Qasim the Great (d. 1620), this line is known as the Qasimids. They succeeded each other in their religious-political capacity like a royal dynasty, and the Imams did not always meet the formal requirements of religious learning and personal aptitude. The Zaidi Imamate continued until the middle of the 20th century, until the revolution of 1962 C.E. deposed the last Imam.
From its inception, the Zaidism of Yemen belonged to the Jarudiyya group. However, with the increasing interaction with Hanafi and Shafi'i Sunni Islam, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya or Salihiyya groups

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (Arabic: المملكة ‏المتوكلية اليمنية [al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah]), sometimes spelled Mutawakelite Kingdom of Yemen, also known as the Kingdom of Yemen or (retrospectively) as North Yemen, was a country from 1918 to 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was at Taiz.

Religious leaders of the Zaydi sect of Shi'ite Islam expelled forces of the Ottoman Empire from what is now northern Yemen by the middle of the 17th century but, within a century, the unity of Yemen was fractured due to the difficulty of governing Yemen's mountainous terrain. In 1849, the Ottoman Empire occupied the coastal Tihamah region and pressured the Zaydi imam to sign a treaty recognizing Ottoman suzerainty and that allowed for a small Ottoman force to be stationed in Sanaa. However, the Ottomans were slow to gain control over Yemen and never managed to totally eliminate resistance from local Zaydis. In 1913, shortly before World War I, the Ottoman Empire was forced to formally cede some power to highland Zaydis.

On 30 October 1918, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent state. In 1926, Imam Yahya declared himself king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming a temporal as well as a (Zaydi) spiritual leader, and won international recognition for the state.

In the 1920s Yahya had expanded Yemeni power to the north into southern Tihamah and southern 'Asir but collided with the rising influence of the Sa'udi king of Hejaz and Nejd, Abdul Aziz ibn Sa'ud. In the early 1930s, Sa'udi forces retook much of these gains before withdrawing from some of the area including the southern Tihamah city of Al Hudaydah. The present-day boundary with Saudi Arabia was established by the 20 May 1934 Treaty of Taif. Yahya's non-recognition of his kingdom's southern boundary with the British Aden Protectorate (later the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) that had been negotiated by his Ottoman predecessors resulted in occasional clashes with the British.

Yemen became a founding member of the Arab League in 1945 and the United Nations on 30 September 1947.

Imam Yahya died during an unsuccessful coup attempt in 1948 and was succeeded by his son Ahmad bin Yahya. His reign was marked by growing repression, renewed friction with the United Kingdom over the British presence in the south that stood in the way of his aspirations for the creation of Greater Yemen. In March 1955, a coup by a group of officers and two of Ahmad's brothers briefly deposed the king but was quickly suppressed.

Imam Ahmad faced growing pressures to support the Arab nationalist objectives of Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser and, in April 1956, he signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. In 1958, Yemen joined the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) in a loose confederation known as the United Arab States but it was dissolved in September 1961 and relations between the United Arab Republic (Egypt) and Yemen subsequently deteriorated.

Ahmad died in September 1962, and was succeeded by his son, the Crown Prince Muhammad al-Badr. However Muhammad al-Badr's reign was brief. Egyptian-trained military officers inspired by Nasser and led by the commander of the royal guard Abdullah as-Sallal deposed him the same year of his coronation, took control of Sanaa, and created the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). Egypt assisted the YAR with troops and supplies to combat forces loyal to the Imamate, while Saudi Arabia and Jordan supported Badr's royalist forces opposing the newly formed republic sparking the North Yemen Civil War. Conflict continued periodically until 1967 when Egyptian troops were withdrawn. By 1968, following a final royalist siege of Sanaa, most of the opposing leaders reached a reconciliation; Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic in 1970.

The YAR united with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) on May 22, 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen.

List of Imāms of Yemen
Rassid Dynasty (first reign, 850-1173)

* al Qasim I (850 - 860)
* al Husayn I (860 - 897)
* al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya bin al-Husayn bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi 898-911
* al-Murtada I Muhammad 911-913, d. 922
* Ahmad I an-Narsir (913 - 934)
* Yahya II (934 - 956)
* Vacant (956 - 968)
* Yusif I al-Mansur (968 - 998)
* al Qasim II (998 - 1003)
* Vacant (1003 - 1009)
* al Husayn II (1009 - 1013)
* Vacant (1013 - 1020)
* Jafar I (1020 - 1035)
* al Hasan I (1035 - 1040)
* Abul-Fath al Daylami (1040 - 1062)
* Vacant (1062 - 1066)
* Hamaz I (1066 - 1067)
* al Fadil I (1067 - 1068)
* Muhammad II (1068 - 1085)
* Vacant (1085 - 1117)
* Yahya III (1117 - 1137)
* Ali I (1137 - 1138)
* Ahmad II al-Mutawakkil (1138 - 1171)
* Vacant (1171 - 1173)
Rassid Dynasty (second reign, 1187-1229)

In opposition to the Ayyubid Kurdish.

* Abdullah I al-Mansur (1187 - 1217)
* Yahya IV Najm ad Din al-Hadilal Haqq (1217)
* Muhammad III Izz ad-Dim an-Nassir (1217 - 1229)
Rasulid Dynasty (1229-1454)

* Umar I al Mansur (1229 - 1250)
* Ahmad III (1248 - 1258)
* Yusif II al-Muzaffar (1250 - 1295)
* Umar II al-Ashfar Mumahhid adDin (1295 - 1296)
* Dawud I al-Muayyad Hizabr adDin (1296 - 1322)
* Ali II al-Mujahid Sayf adDid (1322 - 1363)
* al-Abbas I al-Afdal Dirgham adDin (1363 - 1377)
* Ismail I al Ashraf (1377 - 1400)
* an Nasir Salah adDin Ahmad IV (1400 - 1424)
* al-Mansur Abdullah II (1424 - 1427
* al-Ashraf Ismail II (1427 - 1428)
* Yahya V al-Zahir (1428 - 1440)
* Ismail III al-Ashraf (1440 - 1442)
* al-Muzaffar Yusuf III (1442 - 1450)
* al-Afdal Muhammad IV (1442) (Killed during the fighting against the Mamluk Circassians)
* Ahmad IV an-Nasir (1442) (Killed during the fighting against the Mamluk Circassians)
* al-Masud Salha I adDin and al-Mu'ayyad al Husayn II (1450 - 1454)
Qasimid Dynasty (first reign, 1517-1872)

In opposition to the Ottoman Empire until 1635.

* al Qasim III (the Great) (1597 - 1620)
* Muhammad V (1620 - 1644)
* Ismail IV al Mutawakkil (1644 - 1676)
* Ahmad V (1676 - 1681)
* Muhammad VI (1681 - 1686)
* Muhammad VII (1686 - 1718)
* al Qasim IV (1718 - 1727)
* Husayn III (1727 - 1748)
* Abbas II (1748 - 1775)
* Ali IV (1775 - 1806)
* Ahmad VI (1806 - 1808)
* Ahmad VII (1808 - 1816)
* Abdullah III (1816 - 1835)
* Ali V (1835 - 1837) (1st reign)
* Abdullah IV (1837 - 1840)
* Muhammad VIII (1840 - 1844)
* Ali V (1844 - 1845) (2nd reign)
* Muhammad IX (1845 - 1849)
* Ali V (1849 - 1850) (3rd reign)
* Abbas IV (1850)
* Ghalib I (1850 - 1857)
* Ali V (1857) (4th reign)
Qasimid Dynasty (second reign, 1890/1918-1926)

In opposition to the Ottoman Empire until 1918.

* Muhammad X (1890 - 1904)
* Yahyal I (1904 - 1926)
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1926-1962/1970)

In opposition to the British until 1934.

* Yahyal I (2 September 1926 - 17 February 1948)assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood terrorist.
* Abdullah V (18 February 1948 - 14 March 1948)
* Ahmad VIII (15 March 1948 - 31 March 1955) (1st reign)
* Abdullah VI (31 March 1955 - 5 April 1955)
* Ahmad VIII (5 April 1955 - 18 September 1962) (2nd reign)
* Muhammad XI (19 September 1962 -1970)

Pretenders to the Yemeni throne since 1970

* Muhammad XI (1970 - 6 August 1996)
* Ageel I (6 August 1996 - Present)

2-Banu Ukhaidhir(بني الاخيضر ) from Najd and hijaz(Zaidi Shi'a Islam)
(Arabic: بنو الأخيضر‎) established a kingdom in Al-Yamamah (central Arabia) in 866 C.E.. They were descendents of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his grandson Al-Hassan, and at least one contemporary traveller describes them as having been Shi'ites of the Zaydi persuasion. Their capital was known as Al-Khidhrimah, which lay near the present-day city of Al-Kharj in Saudi Arabia. Their rule lasted until some time in the mid-11th century, when the powerful Qarmatians of neighboring Al-Hasa swept them away as part of their conquest of the ******* Peninsula.


3-Qarmatian Republic(القرامطة)from Bahrin(Ismaili Shi'a Islam)
(A mixture of Arabs and Persians The ideas is a mix of Greek philosophy and Principles of the Zoroastrian and Shi'ite)

The Qarmatians, Arabic Qarāmita قرامطة (also spelled "Carmathians", "Qarmathians", "Karmathians" etc.) were a millenarian sect of Ismaili origin centered in eastern Arabia, where they established a utopian republic in 899 CE. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate and particularly with their seizure of the Black Stone from Mecca and desecration of the Well of Zamzam with Muslim corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.

History
The Qarmatians split off from the Fātimid Ismā'īlī when its founder, Abdu l-Lāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh, claimed the Imāmate of the expected Sevener Mahdi, Ismā'īl ibn Jaafar. They take their name from Hamdan Qarmat, who followed the Sevener teachings of Husaynu l-Ahwāz, a missionary of Ahmad, son of the Persian Abdallah ibn Maimun. They were originally based in Kufa, but took over Bahrain where they established a republican government in the tenth century.

The Qarmatian Revolution
Bahrain, which at this period included much of eastern Arabia as well as the islands that comprise the present state, was under Abbasid control at the end of the ninth century, but a slave rebellion in Basra disrupted the power of Baghdad. The Qarmatians seized their opportunity under their leader Abu Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Bahram al-Jannabi who captured Bahrain’s capital Hajr and al-Hasa in 899, which he made the capital of his republic and once in control of the state he sought to create a utopian society.
Even before taking over Bahrain, the Qarmatians had instigated what one western scholar termed a "century of terrorism" in Kufa. They considering the pilgrimage to Mecca a superstition, and once in control of the Bahraini state they launched raids along the pilgrim routes crossing Arabia: in 906 they ambushed the pilgrim caravan returning from Mecca and massacred 20,000 pilgrims.Under Abu Tahir Al-Jannabi they came close to raiding Baghdad in 927 and sacked Mecca and Medina in 930. The assault on Islam's holiest sites saw the Qarmatians desecrate the Well of Zamzam with corpses of Hajj pilgrims and take the Black Stone from Mecca to Al-Hasa. Holding the Black Stone to ransom they forced the Abbasids to pay a huge sum for its return in 952.
The revolution and desecration shocked the Muslim world and humiliated the Abbasids. But there was little that could be done; for much of the tenth century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East, controlling the coast of Oman and collected tribute from the caliph in Baghdad as well as from a rival Ismaili imam in Cairo, whom they did not recognize.
After their expulsion from Iraq by the Buyids(iranian Shi'a) in 985, a group of Qarmatians also settled in Multan.

Qarmatian Society
The Qarmatians' goal was to build a society based on reason and equality. The state was governed by a council of six with a chief who was a first among equals. All property within the community was distributed evenly among all initiates. The Qarmatians were organized as an esoteric society but not as a secret one; their activities were public and openly propagated, but new members had to undergo an initiation ceremony involving seven stages. In an echo of cyclical Mazdean thought, the Qarmatian world view was one where every phenomenon repeated itself in cycles, where every incident was replayed over and over again.
The land they ruled over was extremely wealthy with a huge slave based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash:

“ The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasiri Khusru, who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian state had a powerful and long-lasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in the twentieth century ”

It has been argued that the desecration of Mecca and the stealing of the Black Stone was to symbolise the ‘end of Islam’. And one western scholar argues that “they may not have been Ismailis at all at the outset, and their conduct and customs gave plausibility to the belief that they were not merely heretics but bitter enemies of Islam.”.

The sack of Mecca followed millenarianism fervour among the Qarmatians (as well as in Persia) over the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 928 – an event which happens every 960 years. The date of the conjunction, 27 October 928 CE, was interpreted in light of Islamic revelation, which they saw as heralding a new period as a return of Persian dominance.

Collapse
After defeat by the Buyids (iranian Shi'a) in 976 the Qarmatians began to look inwards and their status was reduced to that of a local power. This had important repercussions for the Qarmatians' ability to extract tribute from the region; according to Arabist historian Curtis Larsen:

“ As tribute payments were progressively cut off, either by the subsequent government in Iraq or by rival Arab tribes, the Carmathian state shrank to local dimensions. Bahrain broke away in AD 1058 under the leadership of Abd al-Buhlul who re-established Twelver Shī‘ism on the islands. Similar revolts removed Qatif from Carmathian control at about the same time. Deprived of all outside income and control of the coasts, the Carmathians retreated to their stronghold at the Hofuf Oasis. Their dynasty was finally dealt a final blow in 1067 by the combined forces of Abdullah al-Uyuni, who with the help of Buyids army contingents from Iraq, laid siege to Hofuf for seven years and finally forced the Carmathians to surrender. ”

In Bahrain and eastern Arabia the Qarmatian state was replaced by the Uyunid dynasty, whilst it is believed that by the middle of the eleventh century Qarmatian communities in Iraq, Iran and Transoxiana had either been won over by Fatamid proselytising or had disintegrated. The last contemporary mention of the Qarmatians is that of Nasir ibn Khosrau, who visited them in 1050, although Ibn Battuta, visiting Qatif in 1331, found it inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is" (rafidiyya ghulat), which historian Juan Cole has suggested is how a 14th Century Sunni would describe Ismailis.

Qarmatian Rulers
1-Abu Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Bahram al-Jannabi (900-913)founder Qarmatian Republic
2-Abu al-Qasim Said bin Hassan bin Bahram(913-922)
3-Abu Tahir Al-Jannabi (922-944)
4-Ahmed bin Hassan(944-970)
5-AlHassan Alaasm (970-976)
6-Under the rule of the Senate(976-1073)

4-Uyunid dynasty(الدولة العيونية)from Bahrin(Twelver Shia Islam)

Uyunid Rulers
1-Abdullah bin Ali Alaione(1073-1126) founder Uyunid dynasty
2-Fadl I ibn Abdullah Alaione(1126-1139)
3-Mohammed I bin Fadl Alaione(1139-1149)
4-Al-Hussein bin Abdullah Alaione+Ali I bin Abdullah Alaione(The authority of a bilateral)(1149-1151)
5-Hagras bin Mohammed Alaione(1151)
5-Shaker Ben Ali Alaione(1152-1161)
Civil war(1161-1177)
6-Hassan Bin Al-Hussein Alaione(1177-1180)
7-Mohammed bin Ahmed Alaione(1180-1209)
8-Fadl II bin Mohammed Alaione(1209-1219 )
9-Ali II Majid Alaione(1219-1220)
10-Moqdam Ben Greer Alaione
11-Mohammed II Ben Majid Alaione
12-Mohammed III Ben Masood Alaione(1229-1239)
13-Fadl III Ben Mohammed Alaione

5-Usfurids(العصفوريون-بني العصفور)from Bahrin(Twelver Shia Islam)

The Usfurids were a Shi'a Bahrani dynasty that in 1253 gained control of eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain, They were a branch of the Banu Uqayl tribe of the Banu Amir group, and are named after the dynasty’s founder, Usfur ibn Rashid. They were initially allies of the Qarmatians and their successors, the Uyunids, but eventually overthrew the latter and seized power themselves. The Usfurids' takeover came after Uyunid power had been weakened by invasion in 1235 by the Salgharid Atabeg of Fars.
The Usfurids had an uneasy relationship with the main regional power at the time, the PERSIAN princes in Hormuz, who took control of Awal and Qatif in 1320. However, the Hormuzi rulers did not seem to have firm control of the islands, and during the 14th century Bahrain was disputed as numerous neighbours sought tribute from the wealth accumulated from its pearl fisheries. It the 15th century another branch of the Banu Amir emerged, the Jabrids, who built a more stable polity in eastern Arabia(Bahrain).

6-Banu Uqayl(Twelver Shia Islam)
Banu Uqayl (Arabic: بنو عُـقَـيـْل‎) are an ancient Bahrani Arab tribe that played an important role in the history of eastern Arabia (Bahrain) and Iraq. They belonged to the Banu Ka'b branch of the large Banu 'Amir confederation.
The Banu 'Amir confederation of tribes had their original homeland in western Arabia, on the border between Hejaz and Najd. The 'Uqayl branch moved southwards and settled in the large valley known as "al-'Aqiq" (modern day Wadi al-Dawasir), which they later claimed was granted to them by the Muslim prophet Muhammad. During the Abbasid era, most of the Banu 'Amir moved from Bahrain into Iraq and Syria. The Uqaylids were among the last to leave, settling on the banks of the Euphrates. There a section of the tribe founded the Uqaylid dynasty, which controlled Mosul and other regions of northern Mesopotamia, though remaining largely nomadic. When the Uqaylid dynasty was brought down, three large Uqaylid tribes, the Khafajah, 'Ubadah, and Muntafiq, settled in southern Iraq and remain there to the present day.
Another section of the Uqayl, possibly coming from Iraq, according to Ibn Khaldun, took over the deserts of eastern Arabia, around the al-Hasa oasis. There they allied themselves with the Qarmatians, like many other Banu Amir groups. The Qarmatians fell to the Uyunid dynasty, a sedentary Arab clan from al-Ahsa, in 1076. In the mid-13th centuries, one Uqaylid clan leader, 'Usfur ibn Rashid, deposed the 'Uyunids, and founded the 'Usfurid dynasty, which lasted until 1330. The area was then taken over by the Shi'ite Jarwanid clan based in Qatif.
The most powerful Uqaylid dynasty, however, were the Jabrids. Some historians believe they were a branch of the 'Usfurids or at least closely related to them. Their most famous ruler, Ajwad ibn Zamil, however, is described by his contemporaries as having been "of Najdi origin." Ajwad's elder brother established the dynasty in the early 1400s by deposing and killing the last Jarwanid ruler in Qatif. At their height, the Jabrids controlled the entire ******* coast on the Persian Gulf, including the islands of Bahrain, and regularly led expeditions into central Arabia. One contemporary scholar described Ajwad ibn Zamil as "the king of al-Ahsa and Qatif and the leader of the people of Najd." The Jabrids lost Bahrain to the Portugeuse in 1521 and their kingdom collapsed soon afterwards on the mainland. One branch of the Jabrids remained active in Oman however for nearly another three centuries. It is unknown for sure what became of the Jabrids. Some believe they left to Iraq, while others believe they are identical with the "Jubur" section of the Bani Khalid, who eventually took control of the region after the Jabrids. The Bani Khalid tribe itself is believed to be partly of Uqaylid origin.

Banu Uqayl-Usfurids Rulers (1223-1301)
1-Usfur ibn Rashid.
2-Mani bin Rashid.
Rulers are not known

7-Shi'ite Jarwanid(الجراونيون -بني جروان) from Bahrin(Twelver Shia Islam)
The Jarwanid Dynasty was a Shia dynasty that ruled the Province of Bahrain in the 14th century. It was founded by Jerwan I bin Nasser Al-Maliki and was based in Qatif. The dynasty was a vassal of the Kingdom of Ormus.

The Jarwanids belonged to the clan of Bani Malik. It is disputed whether they belonged to the Banu Uqayl -- the tribe of their predecessors the Usfurids and their successors the Jabrids -- or to the Banu Abdul Qays, to whom the Uyunid dynasty (1076-1235) belonged. The Jarwanids came to power some time in the 14th century, after expelling the forces of Sa'eed ibn Mughamis, the chief of the Muntafiq tribe based in the Iraqi city of Basrah.

Contemporary sources such Ibn Battuta and Ibn Hajar describe the Jarwanids as being "extreme Rawafidh," a term for Shi'ites who rejected the first three Caliphs, while a 15th century Sunni scholar from Egypt describes them as being "remnants of the Qarmatians." Historian Juan Cole concludes from this that they were Isma'ilis. However, the Twelver Shi'ite sect was promoted under their rule, and Twelver scholars held the judgeships and other important positions, including the chief of the hisba. Also, unlike under the Qarmatians, Islamic prayers were held in the mosques under Jarwanid rule, and prayer was called under the Shi'ite formula. A Twelver scholar of the 14th century, Jamaluddeen Al-Mutawwa', belonged to the house of Jarwan.According to Al-Humaydan, who specialized in the history of eastern Arabia, the Jarwanids were Twelvers, and the term "Qaramita" was used simply as an epithet for "Shi'ite.

Jarwanid rule came to an end in the 15th century at the hands of the Jabrids, a clan of the Banu Uqayl bedouins.
Jarwanid Rulers.
1-Jerwan I bin Nasser Al-Maliki
2-Nasser bin Jerwan Al-Maliki
3-Ibrahim bin Nasser Al-Maliki
4-Jerwan II bin Ibrahim Al-Maliki

syria & iraq

1-Hamdanid dynasty(الدولة الحمدانية)(Twelver Shia Islam)
The Hamdanid dynasty (Arabic: حمدانيون‎) was a Shi'a Arab dynasty of northern Iraq (Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890-1004). They claimed to have been descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib Christian tribe of Mesopotamia and northern Arabia.
The Hamdanid dynasty was founded by Hamdan ibn Hamdun (after whom it is named), when he was appointed governor of Mardin in SE Anatolia by the Abbasid Caliphs in 890.
His son Abdallah (904-929) was in turn appointed governor of Mosul in northern Iraq (906) and even governed Baghdad (914). His sons were installed as governors in Mosul and Aleppo.
The rule of Hassan Nasir ad-Daula (929-968), governor of Mosul and Diyarbakır, was sufficiently tyrannical to cause him to be deposed by his own family.
His lineage still ruled in Mossul, a heavy defeat by the Buyids in 979 notwithstanding, until 990. After this, their area of control in northern Iraq was divided between the Uqailids and the Marwanids.
Ali Saif al-Daula 'Sword of the State' ruled (945-967) Northern Syria from Aleppo, and became the most important opponent of the Byzantine Empire's (Christian) expansion. His court was a centre of culture, thanks to its nurturing of Arabic literature, but it lost this status after the Byzantine conquest of Aleppo.

Hamadanid Rulers
Hamdanids in Al-Jazira:
Hamdan ibn Hamdun (868-874)
al-Husayn ibn Hamdan (895-916)
Abdullah ibn Hamdan (906-929)
Nasir ad-Daula (929-967)
Adid ad-Daula (967-980)
Abul Tahir Ibrahim ibn al-Hasan (989-997)
Abu Abdillah al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan (989-997)

Hamdanids in Aleppo
Sayf al-Daula (945-967)
Saad al-Daula (967-991)
Said al-Daula (991-1002)
Abul Hasan Ali (1002–1004)
Abul Ma'ali Sharif (1004–1004)

2-Mirdasids(Twelver Shia Islam)

The Mirdasid dynasty was a dynasty that controlled the Amirate of Aleppo more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.

General Description
The Mirdasids were members of the Banu Kilabi, an Arab tribe that had been present in northern Syria for several centuries. Like the other Arabs of the region, the Mirdasids were Shi'a Muslims, although as a result of the expansion of the Seljuk Turks into the area they were constrained to convert to Sunnism.

Unlike other Arab tribes of Greater Syria that managed to establish their autonomy or independence in the late 10th/early 11th centuries, the Mirdasids focused their energies on urban development. As a result, Aleppo prospered during their reign. The Mirdasids demonstrated a high degree of tolerance to Christians, favoring Christian merchants in their territories and employing several as viziers. This policy, no doubt influenced by comparatively good relations with the Christian Byzantine Empire, often upset the majority Muslim population.

The early history of the Mirdasid dynasty is characterized by constant pressure from both the Byzantines and the Fatimids of Egypt. By mixing diplomacy (the Mirdasids were vassals of both the Byzantines and Fatimids several times) and military force, the Mirdasids were able to survive against these two powers.

Militarily, the Mirdasids had the advantage of light Arab cavalry, and several Arab groups in the region, such as the Numayrids of Harran and their own Kilabi brethren, provided valuable assistance. Later on, the Seljuks supplanted the Byzantines and Fatimids as their primary antagonist; the Turks' light cavalry was superior to their own and the Mirdasids had a much more difficult time dealing with them. The Mirdasids had resorted to recruiting Turkish mercenaries into their armies, although this caused its own problems, as the Turks began to acquire an increased role in the government.

List of Mirdasid Amirs
* Salih ibn Mirdas, 1024-1029
* Shibl al-Daula Nasr, 1029-1038

The Fatimids conquer Aleppo

* Mu'izz al-Daula Thimal, 1042-1057

Aleppo transferred to the Fatimids

* Rashid al-Daula Mahmud, 1060-1061
* Mu'izz al-Daula Thimal, restored, 1061-1062
* 'Atiyya ibn Salih, 1062-1065 (in Rahba only 1065-1071)
* Rashid al-Daula Mahmud, restored, 1065-1075
* Jalal al-Daula Nasr, 1075-1076
* Sabiq ibn Mahmud, 1076-1080

The Uqailids take over Aleppo

Historical Overview
After the overthrow of the Hamdanids in 1004, Aleppo had been ruled by several princes nominally subordinate to the Fatimids. It was from these individuals that Slih ibn Mirdas took the town in 1024. When he died fighting the Fatimids five years later, his two sons Shibl al-Daula Nasr and Mu'izz al-Daula Thimal succeeded him, although Nasr quickly became sole amir. He became a Byzantine vassal, although later he transferred his allegiance to the Fatimids. However, the Fatimid governor of Damascus killed Nasr in battle and took Aleppo 1038.

Nasr's brother Thimal managed to recover Aleppo in 1042 and eventually made peace with the Fatimids. He was a vassal of both the Byzantine Emperor and Fatimid Caliph. Troubles with the Kilab, however, caused him to give up Aleppo to the Fatimids in exchange for several coastal towns. The Kilab threw their support behind Thimal's nephew Rashid al-Daula Mahmud, who took Aleppo in 1060. Thimal returned and in 1061 regained Aleppo from Mahmud, but died a year later.

After Thimal's death a succession dispute emerged between Mahmud and Thimal's brother 'Atiyya ibn Salih, leading to a split in the Mirdasid domains. Mahmud controlled the western half, while 'Atiyya controlled the east. In order to gain an edge over Mahmud, 'Atiyya recruited a band of Turks, but they later defected to Mahmud, forcing 'Atiyya to give up Aleppo in 1065.

The Turks began moving into northern Syria in greater numbers, forcing Mahmud to convert to Sunni Islam and become a vassal of the Seljuk sultan. Mahmud's death in 1075, followed by that of his son and successor Jalal al-Daula Nasr in 1076, resulted in Nasr's brother Sabiq ibn Mahmud becoming amir. Conflicts between him and members of his family, along with several different Turkish groups, left the Mirdasid domains devastated, and in 1080, prompted by Sabiq, the Uqailid Sharaf al-Daula Muslim took over Aleppo. The Mirdasids maintained a level of influence in the region after the loss of Aleppo, and attempted to stem the advance of the First Crusade.

3-Uqaylid Dynasty(Northern Iraq)(Twelver Shia Islam)

The 'Uqailid or 'Uqaylid Dynasty was a Shi'a Bahrani dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries. The main line, centered in Mosul, ruled from 990 to 1096.

Rise
The 'Uqailids were descended from the Banu Uqayl Bahrani and were Shi'a. They first came to power in Diyarbakr when they were granted land there by the Buwayhids, who hoped that they would serve as a buffer against the Kurdish rebel Badh. Soon afterwards the 'Uqailids forged an alliance with the Hamdanids, who had been expelled from Mosul by the Buwayhids in 979. Together the two of them moved against the Buyids and Mosul was occupied in 989. The 'Uqailid leader, Muhammad b. Musayyib, then fought against Badh, which eventually resulted in the death of the Kurdish rebel. Following this, Muhammad turned against the Hamdanids and defeating them as well. He also forced the Buwayhid governor of Mosul to grant him half of his dependencies.

Uqailids of Mosul
Muhammad b. Musayyib died in 996. He was succeeded by his brother Muqallad, who in that same year marched on Mosul, forcing its Buwayhid governor to flee. From there the 'Uqailids advanced into Iraq; they succeeded in overrunning much of the country and even raiding Baghdad. Eventually the Buwayhid amir Baha' al-Daula came to terms with Muqallad, whereby the Uqailid was invested by the caliph with the rule of Mosul, Kufa and Jami'yan. He was also given the title of "Husam al-Daula." The treaty made Muqallad nominally subservient to the Buwayhids but in effect he was independent, refusing to pay the tribute that he owed.

Despite the treaty, Muqallad still desired to take Baghdad, and may have done so had he not been assassinated by one of his Turkish slaves in 1001. This marked the beginning of the long reign of Muqallad's son, Qirwash. In 1002 Qirwash raided Buwayhid territory, prompting the Baha' al-Daula's governor of Baghdad to undertake an expedition against the 'Uqailids. Defeated at first, he eventually managed gain a victory over them near Kufa, but at this point was removed from his post as governor, preventing him from following up on this success. In 1005 Qirwash was confirmed in all of his possessions by the caliph, who gave him the title "Mu'tamid al-Daula."

Qirwash's major problem during the second half of his reign was finding a way to control the Oghuz Turks who were coming in from Iran. The Oghuz once even managed to occupy and sack Mosul in 1044, although Qirwash was able to expel them with the support of the Mazyadids. In 1050 Qirwash was removed from power by his brother Baraka ("Za'im al-Daula"), who reigned until 1052 when he died. Baraka's son Quraysh ("'Alam al-Din") succeeded him and ruled for the next nine years. During his reign he acknowledged the supremacy of the Seljuks, although he later came into conflict with them and was temporarily expelled from Mosul. He accompanied the Turk Basasiri when the latter took Baghdad at the end of 1058, but the Seljuks retook the city in the next year.

Quraysh died in 1061 and was followed by his son Muslim ("Sharaf al-Daula"). Sharaf al-Daula was a just ruler; the 'Uqailid domains were relatively stable for most of his reign. He furthermore gained Aleppo from the Mirdasids in 1080 when its inhabitants offered to hand the city over to him in the hopes that he could protect from Seljuk raids, and he took Harran from the Numayrids in the following year. Soon, however, he ran into trouble with the Seljuks himself. He fought against Sultan Malik Shah's forces and was defeated, but he was pardoned. In 1085 he was killed fighting the Seljuks of Süleyman b. Qutulmush. Following Sharaf al-Daula's death, his brother Ibrahim, who had previously been imprisoned, was released and declared as his successor. Süleyman meanwhile had been killed by the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, Tutush, who went on to seize Aleppo from the 'Uqailids in 1086.

In 1089 or 1090 Ibrahim was summoned to the court of Malik Shah. When he arrived he was imprisoned and was kept close to Malik Shah's side. Mosul during this time was managed by the Seljuk vizier Fakhr al-Daula Ibn Jahir. When Malik Shah died in 1092 a fight between Sharaf al-Daula's sons Ali and Muhammad ensued. Ali was brought by his mother Safiyya to Mosul, but Muhammad attempted to take the city for himself. In a battle at Mosul he was defeated and forced to flee. Ibrahim, meanwhile, had been released by Malik Shah's widow so he returned to Mosul, and eventually convinced Safiyya to give up the city to him.

Ibrahim managed to keep his renewed power for only a short time. The emir of Damascus, Tutush, demanded that he recognize him as sultan in the khutba and allow him passage through his territory. Ibrahim refused, prompting Tutush to move his army against him. The two sides met outside Mosul in April 1093, and in the ensuing battle he was defeated and captured by the Seljuk. Tutush had him executed before installing Ali and his mother Safiyya as his representatives in Mosul.

Muhammad b. Sharaf al-Daula continued to attempt gain Mosul. He recruited the Turkish commander Kür-Bugha and his brother, but Kür-Bugha imprisoned him. He then attempted to take Mosul from Ali but failed. Kür-Bugha then executed Muhammad and tried again to take Mosul. As the siege continued, Ali decided to flee to the Mazyadids. Kür-Bugha eventually gained control of the city in late 1096 and became its amir, ending 'Uqailid rule there.

Other 'Uqailids
Several other 'Uqailid lines were established in various areas, including Jazirat ibn Umar, Takrit, Hīt, and Ukbara (whose ruler, Gharib b. Muhammad once gave refuge to the Buwayhid amir Jalal al-Daula when he found it necessary to leave Baghdad). Some of these lines were still extant after the overthrow of the 'Uqailids in Mosul, with one branch in Raqqa and Qal'at Ja'bar lasting until 1169 when it was ended by the Zengids.

After the Banu 'Uqail lost power in Iraq and Syria, they migrated to Bahrain and founded the Usfurids dynasty.

Banu Uqayl Rulers
1-Muhammad ibn al-Musayyib(992-996)
2-Abulhasan Hossam al-Daula(996-1101)
3-Muatmd al-Daula(1101-1150)
4-Zaim al-Daula(1150-1152)
5-Alam al-Daula Cyrus (1152-1161)
6-shraf al-Daula Muslim bin Cyrus (1161-1186)In opposition to the Seljuk Turks.
7-Ibrahim bin Cyrus(1186-1193)
8-Ali ibn Muslim(1193-1196)

5-Bani-Asad(Central and southern Iraq)(Twelver Shia Islam)

e Bani Assad or Banu Assad (Arabic: بني أسد/ بنو أسد) (Arabic for "Sons of Lion") is an Arab tribe in Iraq. They are Adnanite Arabs, they powerful and one of the most famous tribes. They are widley respected by many Arab tribes, respected by Shia Muslims, because they have buried the body of Imam Hussain, his Ahlul Bayt and companions with the help of Imam Ali bin Hussain the son of the Imam, and many martyres from the Battle of Karbala are from the tribe. Today, many members of the tribe live in many Iraqi cities of Basra, Najaf, Kufa, Karbala, Nasariyah, Amara, Kut, Hilla, Diyala, Baghdad. There are people from Banu Assad in Kuwait, Qatar, Palestine,Yemen, Egypt who have all migrated from Iraq. There are also members of Bani Assad tribe in Khuzestan, Ahwaz in Iran which was previously an Arab State occupied by Iran located with neighboring tribes of Banu Tamim, Banu Malik, Banu Kaab and other notable Arab Tribes.
Contents

History
Banu Assad is a bedouin Arab tribe and they are Adnanite Arabs who are originally from Iraq like any other Adnanite Arabs. Bani Assad are descendants of Prophet Ismael the son of Prophet Abraham from Mesapotamia which is mordern day Iraq from the ruin city of Ur in Southern Iraq. The descendants of Isamael the son of Abraham settled later in hijaz in the ******* Peninsuela. Bani Assad are one of the largest and most famous Arab tribes. Bani Assad is a Herofic and Powerful Arab Tribe.

Bani Asad bin Khuwaylid are not from the tribe of Bani Asad bin Khuzaimah. Bani Asad bin Khuwaylid are from the tribe of Quraish and they are very small in numbers and not to be confused with the famous Bani Asad bin Khuzaimah.

Religion
It has been noted from Historians that before Islam, Banu Assad used to practice the religion of Prophet Abraham who believed in one God. The tribe embraced Islam in the 7th century during the begening of Prophet Muhammad's Life. After moving to Kufa in Iraq, they sided with Imam Ali they are the first Arab Tribe to be Shia's of Ali after the Ahlul Bayt. They have also sided with Imam Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala. The entire Banu Assad tribe are Shia Twelver Muslims or Jafariyah in Iraq and Iran, with small minorities in Yemen.

Migration to Iraq
Banu Assad migrated to Mesopotamia now called Iraq in the 7th century and settled in Kufa. They have settled near the banks of the Euphrates river near Kufa and Karbala and also settled in Basra and in Ahwar, shared land with Banu Tamim. Banu Assad sided with Imam Ali in the Battle of the Camel. Many companions of Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali are from Banu Assad. The Banu Assad Tribe sided with the son of Imam Ali, Husayn in the Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, 61 AH (October 9 or 10, 680 CE) in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Many martyrs from the Banu Assad clan died with Imam Husayn in the Battle of Karbala.

Mazaydid State of the Bani Assad

In 998 Ali ibn Mazyad, leader of the Banu Assad tribe established a virtually independent Mazyadid state in the Kufa area of Iraq. Backed by a powerful tribal army, the Mazyadids enjoyed great influence in the area for a century and a half. They acquired titles and subsidies from the Buyids in return for military services. Their most lasting achievement was the founding of Hilla one of the main cities in Iraq, which became their capital in 1012. The originator of the Al Mazeedi name was a scholar, hadith narrator and chemist called Mazyed ibn Mikhled al Sadaqa. Imad al-Isfahani commented about the rulers of the Mazyadid State, saying:

"They were Arabs, belonging to Bani Mazyid from the Powerful Banu Assad Tribe. They established themselves with the strength of their swords on the banks of Euphrates. They were the refuge of those who were in need of it, the shelter for the expectants, the helpers of those who sought help and supporters of the weak. People with expectation were attracted towards them and scholars found money with them. What they did in spending on good purpose is too well known and talks of their generosity too common. Sadaqa shook with pride when he listened to poetry and set aside for the poet a special part of his generosity. He made them free from poverty. He accepted them in his audience. He was all ears to listen to the requests of people and very generous in giving them what they needed".

Members of the Banu Assad Clan outside of Iraq
some Banu Assad Clan members migrated to Syria and settled in the region of North Syria. Their tribal name is Al-Assad or Banu Assad, their surnames or their family names is Al-Assadi, or Al-Assad,And a member of this family of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad.
Mansour Moosa Al-Mazeedi played an important role in developing a Kuwaiti constitution issued on January 29, 1963 as part of Al Majles Al Ta'sesy or Founding Parliament.

The Al Mazeedi family are Shia in Iraq, dramatically increasing the influence of Shiite minorities in Arabia. and there are also Al Mazeedi Shia family in Kuwait. Recently it was discovered that some Al-Mazeedi family members migrated to Yemen a few hundred years ago and settled in the region of Hadhramaut. Their tribal name is Al-Mazyad or Banu Assad, their surnames or their family names is Al-Assadi, or Al-Mazeedi.

Martyres from the Banu Assad Clan in the Battle of Karbala
Uns ibn Hars Assadi, Habib ibn Muzahir Assadi(Commander of the left flank)Muslim ibn Ausaja Assadi, Qais ibn Masher Assadi, Abu Samama Umru ibn Abdullah, oreer Hamdani, Hanala ibn Assad, Abis Shakri, Abdul Rehman Rahbi, Saif ibn Hars, Amer ibn Abdullah Hamdani.

Burying the martyred bodies
On the 13th of Muharram, three days after the massacre, members of the Banu Assad Tribe in Karbala had the honor of burying the bodies of Imam Husayn, his family and the companions. Banu Assad tribe is widley respected by other Shia Arab tribes. Ali ibn Husayn the 4th Shia Imam helped the Banu Assad tribe to bury the martyred bodies and helped them to identify the bodies of Imam Husayn and the Ahlul Bayt and the companions.

Bani-Asad Rulers
1-Ali I al-Asadi(961-1018)
2-Nour al-Daula I Ben Ali Asadi(1018-1081)
3-Baha al-Daula al-Asadi(1081-1086)
4-Sayf al-Daula I al-Asadi(1086-1108)
5-Nour al-Daula II al-Asadi(1108-1135)
6-Sayf al-Daula II al-Asadi(1135-1138)
7-Mohammad al-Asadi(1138-1145)
8-Ali II al-Asadi(1145-1150)
9-Mohlhl al-Asadi(1150-1163)In opposition to the Seljuk Turks.

6-Alnmiriun(Western Iraq)(Twelver Shia Islam)

Alnmiriun Rulers
1-Mowoed al-Daula Al-Nimeri(990-1019)
2-saniah al-Daula Al-Nimeri(1019-1040)
3-Najib al-Daula (1040-1063)
4-Kwame Ben Thban(1063-1081)

in Sicily

Kalbids

The Kalbids were a Muslim dynasty in Sicily, which ruled from 948 to 1053.

In 827, in the midst of internal Byzantine conflict, the Aghlabids arrived at Marsala in Sicily, with a fleet of 10,000 men under the command of Asad ibn al-Furat. Palermo was conquered in 831 and became the new capital. Syracuse fell in 878 and in 902 the last Byzantine outpost, Taormina, was taken. At the same time various Muslim incursions into southern Italy occurred, with new Emirates being founded in Taranto and Bari. During this period there were constant power struggles amongst the Muslims. Nominally the island was under rule of the Aghlabids and later the Fatimids.

After successfully suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph appointed Hassan al-Kalbi (948-964) as Emir of Sicily, the first of the Kalbid dynasty. The Fatimids appointed the Kalbids as rulers via proxy before they shifted their capital from Ifriqiya to Cairo in 969. Raids into southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under Otto II was defeated in the Battle of Stilo near Crotone in Calabria. The dynasty began a steady period of decline with the Emirate of Yusuf al-Kalbi (990-998) who entrusted the island to his sons and created space for interference from the Zirids of Ifriqiya. Under al-Akhal (1017-1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions allying themselves variously with Byzantium and the Zirids. Even though neither of these powers could establish themselves in Sicily permanently, under Hasan as-Samsam (1040-1053) the island fragmented into small fiefdoms. The Kalbids died out in 1053, and in 1061 the Normans of southern Italy arrived under Roger I of Sicily and began their conquest, which was completed in 1091. The Muslims were allowed to remain and played an important role in the administration, army and economy of the Norman kingdom until the 12th century.

Under the Kalbid dynasty, Sicily, and especially Palermo, was an important economic centre of the Mediterranean. The Muslims introduced lemons, Seville oranges and sugar cane, as well as cotton and mulberries for sericulture, and built irrigation systems for agriculture. Sicily was also an important hub for trade between the Near East, North Africa and the Italian maritime republics such as Amalfi, Pisa and Genoa

Rulers
* Hassan al-Kalbi (948-954)
* Ahmad ibn Ḥasan (954-969)
* Abū l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan (969-982)
* Jabir al-Kalbi (982-983)
* Jafar al-Kalbi (983-985)
* Abd-Allah al-Kalbi (985-990)
* Yusuf al-Kalbi (990-998)
* Ja'far al-Kalbi (998-1019)
* al-Akhal (1019-1037)
* Hasan as-Samsam (1040-1053)


In Spain.

1-Hammudid dynasty(Idrisid)(Zaidi Shi'a Islam)

List of Hammudid Sultans of Málaga
* Yahya I: 1026 or 7-1035
* Idris I: 1035-1039
* Yahya II: 1039-1040
* Hasan: 1040-1042
* Naya the Usurper: 1042
* Idris II: 1042-1047 d. 1054/5
* Muhammad I: 1047-1053
* Idris III: 1053
* Idris II (restored): 1053-1054/5
* Muhammad II al-Musta'li: 1054/5
* Yahya III (in Melilla 1063-1064): 1054/5-1057/8 d. 1064
* To Granada: 1057/8-1073


2-Nasrid dynasty(Twelver Shia Islam)
The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri (Arabic: بنو نصر‎) was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad dynasty in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace complex built under their rule.

List of Nasrid Sultans of Granada
* Muhammed I ibn Nasr (1238-1272)
* Muhammed II al-Faqih (1273-1302)
* Muhammed III (1302-1309)
* Nasr (1309-1314)
* Ismail I (1314-1325)
* Muhammed IV (1325-1333)
* Yusuf I (1333-1354)
* Muhammed V (1354-1359, 1362-1391)
* Ismail II (1359-1360)
* Muhammed VI (1360-1362)
* Yusuf II (1391-1392)
* Muhammed VII (1392-1408)
* Yusuf III (1408-1417)
* Muhammed VIII (1417-1419, 1427-1429)
* Muhammed IX (1419-1427, 1430-1431, 1432-1445, 1448-1453)
* Yusuf IV (1431-1432)
* Yusuf V (1445-1446, 1462)
* Muhammed X (1446-1448)
* Muhammed XI (1453-1454)
* Said (1454-1464)
* Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacén (1464-1482, 1483-1485)
* Abu 'abd Allah Muhammed XII, known as Boabdil (1482-1483, 1486-1492)
* Abū `Abd Allāh Muhammed XIII, known as El Zagal (1485-1486)

East Africa

Arab-Persian sultanates in East Africa

Kilwa Sultanate (957-1513 AD)
Kilwa was a sultanate in modern-day Tanzania. It was founded in the eleventh century by Ali ibn al-Hassan , a Prince of Shiraz.His family ruled the Sultanate until the year 1277 Was replaced by the Arab family of Abu Moaheb until 1513 when it crashed by the Portuguese invasion.

Onthanusi Sultanate
Onthanusi was a Arab-Persian sultanate in modern-day Madagascar.Founded in the 12 century AD

[Payam]

ashraf you need 10 post befor posting links.

[@anti#boz@]

@ Ashrf 1979
welcome
why "Ashrf 1979" ?

[Sokuy30]

Originally Posted by @anti#boz@

@ Ashrf 1979
welcome
why "Ashrf 1979" ?

Dobare negah konid, Mallakh khore!

[@anti#boz@]

Originally Posted by Sokuy30

Dobare negah konid, Mallakh khore!

are vali be nazar nemiyad vahabi bashe. zaheran shiaast

[arri]

2-Safavid dynasty (صفویان-صفوي-الصفويين)
The founder of the dynasty was Shāh Ismāil I(1487–1524), who traced his ancestry back to Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Dynasty

Yes, and out of a sudden, all the Iranian noble families became Sayyads.

[Payam]

Originally Posted by Ashrf 1979

IRAN
1-Alavids(العلويون في طبرستان)(سلسله علویان طبرستان )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavids

2-Safavid dynasty (صفویان-صفوي-الصفويين)
The founder of the dynasty was Shāh Ismāil I(1487–1524), who traced his ancestry back to Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Dynasty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Dynasty

Alavids and safavids were not arabic dynasty.



>About safavids its completely nonsense , Funny how peresians and arabs claim on our Great safavid dynasty.
That mixed Azeri and Kurdish origins is also another garbage.

What is certain is that the Safavids were a mixture of ethnic Georgian,Azerbaijani, Kurdish, and Greek lines.

How funny!

The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be Seyyeds[16], family descendants of the prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim

As you see the claimed to be,many claims to be seyyeds In iran eve now brother thats not a big deal.

>About alavids they are Still Iranian ,having your ancestry back to Ahle al beyt doesn't Make you an arab dynasty,Just how All sayyeds In iran are considering themeselves as Muslim and Iranian befor anything else.
About the Alavids it was completely an Iranian deal.

lol @ safavids being arabs. arabhaye kasife malakh khor. go sell ur woman to american soldiers ROFL

[Kermanshah1]

Originally Posted by Iranian Guards

lol @ safavids being arabs. arabhaye kasife malakh khor. go sell ur woman to american soldiers ROFL

Considering Shah Ismail was a Seyyed, it means he was a descendant of Muhammad so he has at least some Arabic blood.

[Payam]

Originally Posted by Kermanshah1

Considering Shah Ismail was a Seyyed, it means he was a descendant of Muhammad so he has at least some Arabic blood.

That doesnt make a dynasty Arabic.

Im sick and tired of this Nationalism which was and is a real threat for all middle easterns.
We cant Live Like civilized Nations just when we always talk about Arab turk kurd persian over and over again.

This is not how the thought of IsLam and real muslims IS,Islam was comming to remove these barbaric ways but arabs and the other nations cant live without it.

[Ashrf 1979]

Bahrani coins was relased in Greater Bahrin In 554 H/1159(Uyunid dynasty)


Qarmtian coins


Fatimid Empire


Fatimid Flag


Gold coin of calipha al-Muizz, Misr, Cairo, 969 CE
.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...b/Fatimids.png
Family tree of Fatimid Dynasty


Fatimids used a flag of green, even before the Safavids under Shah Ismail I, with the addition of Saif Zulfikar


This mid-twelfth-century Egyptian paper fragment from Cairo shows the Fatimid defenders of Ascalon, which did not fall to the Latins until 1153. Their equipment is similar to that of the westerners, being distinguished only by the turbans they wear. The Fatimid mixture of heavy cavalry, spear armed foot, and archers is well represented.


Idrisid kingdom


Idrisid Flag


Idrisid coin, minted at al-'Aliyah, Morocco, 840 CE.


Hamdanid kingdom


Uqaylid at its Greatest Extent)


flag Rassids- Zaidi Imāms

Imam Yahya Hamid ed-Din(1869—1948) founder of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

This coin was part of the Arwa Hoard discovered near DuJibla, Yemen in 1980. The coin was issued by Queen As-Sayyida Arwa (d1138 AD) in present-day Yemen. The central inscription reads: Al-Malik Al-Sayyid (the King, descendent of the Prophet); Al-Mukarum (the Great One); Al-Arab Sultan (ruler of the Arabs); Amir Al-Muminin (King Muminin). The inscription along the perimeter reads: In the Name of Allah, this Dinar was stuck in Du Jibla in the Islamic Year 487. The reverse has the legend There is but one God and the one God is Allah.


North Yemeni rial


The ******* Peninsula in the era of Shi'a dynasties


Fatimid naval wars against the Byzantine and Umayyad


Areas in southern Europe occupied by the Fatimid


Battle of Antioch Ftimid Army vs Byzantine army
al-hākim bi-Amr Allāh VS Emperor Basilios II

Simeon sending envoys to the Fatimids, Madrid Skylitzes.

Siege of Messina By Fatimids (Source:bizantine writer)


Fatimid army in Italy


Nasrids Flag

Fatimid Art















Fatimid Illustration of the Weighing of Goods.DATE CREATED.10th-12th century

Fatimid Illustration of a Stick Game.DATE CREATED.10th-12th century

An illustration on cosmology and numerology from Rahat al-Aql by the Fatimid dai and philosopher Hamid al-Din Kirmani. The manuscript is in the library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies and is dated 1859 A.C. Photo Credit: The Institute of Ismaili Studies, www.iis.ac.uk

Architecture of the Fatimid,Idrisids,Hamdanid,Qarmtian


Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and University(Idrisids Dynasty)

Moroccan city Zarhun The first capital of Idrisids

Moroccan city of Fez Second capital of Idrisids

The Blue Gate of Fez

Sayyida Ruqayya Mashhad, Cairo, Egypt(daughter of imam Musa ibn Ja'far al-Kazim )

Sayyida Ruqayya Mashhad

Sayyida Ruqayya Mashhad

Al Azhar Mosque, Cairo (Egypt, 900's AD)

Al Azhar Mosque, Cairo, Egypt

Al Azhar Mosque, Cairo, Egypt

The Ftmed Dome

The Fatimid mihrab

Gate of Al Hakim mosque

Mosque of Al Hakim, the sixth Fatimid Caliph

The minaret of the Mosque of al-Hakim (r. 996–1013), Cairo

Al Hakim mosque (Cairo, 990 1013 AD)

The Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125), Cairo

The Mosque of al-Aqmar (Scalloped conch of entry portal with medallion with a Qur'anic verse inscribed around the central ring, which contains the names of the Prophet and imam 'Ali)

Al Aqmar Mosque, Cairo


Al Aqmar Mosque, Cairo

Citadel of Aleppo(Hamdanid Dynasty)

The InsInner Gate of the Aleppo Citadel

Outer Gate of the Aleppo Citadel Aleppo Syria

A view from Citadel inside

The Citadel Amphitheatre

The entrance arch

View of the citadel of Aleppo with the entrance bridge.





Qarmtian Mosque, Al-Ahsa(South Bahrin, 900's AD)

The Qarmtian mihrab,Al-Qatif(Bahrin, 915's AD)

Al-khamis Mosque,Awal Island (Bahrin)

The Institute of Ismaili Studies
http://www.iis.ac.uk/home.asp?l=en

[MrWanted]

Originally Posted by Sokuy30

Dobare negah konid, Mallakh khore!

I sense some infraction :P:P:P

But there are more people in SA than Wahabbis

[Kermanshah1]

Originally Posted by MrWanted

I sense some infraction :P:P:P

But there are more people in SA than Wahabbis

Only 20% or so are Shi'a, the rest are Wahabbi.

[Mirza]

Originally Posted by Kermanshah1

Only 20% or so are Shi'a, the rest are Wahabbi.

i heard of Zaydis in southwestern Arabia,
near the Yemen borders,
is it right?
also, i heard Zaydis do not have a favorable opinion on Twelvers.

[Kermanshah1]

Originally Posted by Twelver

i heard of Zaydis in southwestern Arabia,
near the Yemen borders,
is it right?
also, i heard Zaydis do not have a favorable opinion on Twelvers.

Dunno, but there are two regeons in Saudi Arabia which are majority Shi'a. The East Coast and the South West (next to the Shi'a regeons of Yemen).